Clinical Interview Questions Essay

Ten Questions: 1. Please tell me about what type of person your father was and your relationship with him. 2. Please tell me about what type of person your mother was and your relationship with him. 3. Please tell me about your relationships with siblings and other close relatives†¦ 4. Please tell me what you remember most about your childhood. 5. Please tell me about your most memorable experiences in grade school, high school, and college (if applicable). 6. Please tell me about any romantic relationships you have had and whether you are in a relationship now, or if you would like to be. Why or why not? 7. Please tell me about what makes you happiest in your current life. 8. Please tell me about what upsets you most in your personal life. 9. Please tell me about any dreams or fantasies you can remember. 10. How would you like to see yourself in five years from now? Let’s assume I have a patient that has problems with depression due to issues that have happened throughout his or her life. The first question my patient responds by saying not that good. I would go into asking for more detail as to why the relationship with ones father was not good. I would learn if there was something there that would help me to help the patient with their depression. As with most of these questions the patient would be responding in a way that they feel which would help me to learn what has caused the problems and why the patient may or may not be able to let go. I could learn a lot from a person by these questions because they are questions that ask a person to open up without being so noticeable.

Black Panthers Party Essay

The American dream can just be a simple dream to many Americans particularly for the whites who are employed in some refutable companies. But this is not the case for the African-American. The American dream was simply to own a house and a little plot of land and a clean and descent place to live. Simple as it may sound but the great majority of the African Americans were excluded from that dream. During the period in which Frederick Douglas lived, the condition of the blacks were â€Å"dehumanizing† (Hubbard, 2007, p. 86) and Douglas himself experienced this dehumanizing condition as slave in the American South from his birth in 1818 to his escape from the North in 1838 . Up to the early 1900s men such as Riis and Du Bois signify upon the rising social consciousness of whites and blacks in America â€Å"as they focused on the dispossessed classes of American (Hubbard, p. 90). From these, it appears that the main theme of American dream during this period was not simply to own a house and a parcel of land but it also include the social conditions between the blacks and whites. It means of the dehumanizing conditions of the black because of the social discriminations. Both Douglas and Du Bois fought for the abolition of slavery. According to Joseph M. Flora, Lucinda Hardwick Mackethan, and Todd W. Taylor (2002) stated that in his 1845 narrative that â€Å"every tone was a testimony against slavery† (p. 19). The main themes of the American dream have to do with integration of the black American into the society with out discrimination for their being colored people, and the recognition of the blacks as fellow human being in terms of social and economic factors. In fact, this was the very agenda of notable black leaders such as Du Bois, and Douglas. ThePanthers movement in the 1960s was also aimed at drawing public attention as to the social and economic condition of the black community. Charles Earl Jones (1998) noted, â€Å"In the heart of Black communities with Black Panthers Party (BPP) affiliates, Panthers implemented numerous survival programs that fed, clothed, and provided medical services to community residents† (p. 1). However, the Panther was viewed by the authorities as outlawed paramilitary organization. Has the dream become more accessible since the time of those writers? Obviously not during their time! The existence of the Panther in the 1960s up to the eighties was a clear indication that the American dream of the early writers such as Douglas and Du Bois was never attained. As a matter of fact, the resurgence of the Black Panther Party ideology â€Å"provides a forum for progressive politics in the Oakland Bay Area† (Jones, p. 2). The rekindling of the interest in the BPP implied the condition of the blacks to remains socially and economically depressed. But it should be noted that condition have improved considerably, since then as more and more blacks are becoming socially visible and actively involve in society’s prominent activities. What has happened since the time of writing to create the current state of the issue for this groups or individuals? There have been many developments that had taken place since the time of those black intellectuals that created the current state of the issue for this group. Notable was the founding of the BPP which was a radical political party that was supposed to attract public attention to promote awareness about the condition of the black community. However, the party became outlawed and was relegated to radical paramilitary organization. Another important development was the change in social atmosphere for the black community as they can now actively engage in social and political activity. Black Individuals like Barack Obama, Oprah Winprey and famous sports personalities such Kobi Bryant, Michael Jordan and other black basketball players and those in other sports indicate that blacks finally gaining acceptance and recognition thereby achieving American dream. Reference Flora, M. J. MacKethan L. H. & Taylor, T. (2002) The Companion to Southern Literature USA: LSU Press Hubbard, D. (2007) The Souls of Black Folk USA: University of Missouri Press Jones, C. (1998) The Black Panther Party (reconsidered): Reflections and Scholarship. USA: Black Classic Press.

Poetry Story

An author writes a book or novel to have the whole story put right out for you with a clear cut beginning middle and end. A poet can write a â€Å"novel† in very minimal lines or a few verses. They tell a story but give the rest for you to think and ponder about A poet uses multiple literary devices in one single poem. When reading a poem you have to decode or decipher what the poet is really trying to say. They may use metaphors, Irony and much more, In the poem â€Å"l Finally managed to speak to her†, the poet, Hal Sorority uses both of these literary devices.The first literary device that is used in this poem is a metaphor. The poem â€Å"l finally managed to speak to her† is about a young man sitting across from a young girl on a bus. They are driving through New York City, and he would like to talk to her. He says â€Å"The trees look so much greener is this part of the country. In New York City everything looks so drab. † Although he is referring to the trees, Sorority uses the trees as a metaphor for him. Despite the fact that he has written about the trees you have to look deeper and the meaning and decipher what Is trying to be said.Since the metaphor is really talking about him rather than the trees it really brings out the meaning of the poem. In an interview Sorority said â€Å"she was too self-involved. Or to put it in nicer terms, she wasn't into me. â€Å"(lengthier) When he said this what I got is that when he wrote that she said â€Å"when you find another one let me know† Is that she didn't really want to talk to him so she Is finishing the conversation. The metaphors in this poem are outstanding and really give you a glimpse into the author's life. Till you actually really take a deeper look into the poem and realize what he Is trying to say you may think that he Is literally talking about the trees In different parts of the country. The second literary device that Sorority uses in his poem â€Å"l final ly managed to speak to her† is irony. Irony is used in Sorority poem â€Å"l Finally Managed to Speak to Her because originally reading the poem you blatantly see that he is talking to a girl on the bus about trees. While you reread the poem you start to realize that It Is not just the trees he is talking about, it is her.Even though you want to think one thing there are multiple ways to look at this poem. This is where the irony comes in. Is it Ironic that he says â€Å"everything looks so drab†? If he is trying to talk about her is he trying to refer to every other girl being drab so that she can feel special? Despite the fact that we can look at this many ways Sorority says, â€Å"l wanted her to see me rather than the differences in the trees. † (Interview) It is very ironic that the author is using Reese to talk about a love life that never happened.It's like he is trying to put the trees and the girl he Is talking to out there for others to realize that yo u may get turned down every now and then but don't give up. The literary devices Hal Slowly used in his poem, â€Å"l finally Managed to Speak to Her was metaphor and irony. He used them in two similar ways but when you look at them they are completely different. The way he uses his metaphors Is astonishing. The irony that Is put Into this poem Is all around noteworthy.The way he makes you think about what your reading, and does not just give it to you. Although it is a little more work for the reader it is worth it. When you are just reading It for what is written you will never get the tulle story. Weather you are a girl or boy you can relate to this story because almost every person in the world has been turned down once in their life time and that is what makes this poem over the top, almost everyone can relate to it. Works Cited: Sorority, Hal. â€Å"†I Finally Managed to Speak to Her†Ã¢â‚¬  E-mail interview. 10 Par. 2013

Questions 1 and 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Questions 1 and 2 - Essay Example This includes to the society, government, world, and the  community  (Peter, 1997: p.112). The foremost purpose of the development of a business is not to  attest  to these responsibilities but is the  responsibility  to itself; making profits. Other aspects of the market and non market components also  have  effect  on the  business  and are also in turn affected by the business. Issues such as the population, government regulations, environmental  conservation  and social health  responsibility  are in  effect  of this. NGOs are entities created by individuals or groups within the  society  to deal with  certain  issues in the  society  through advocating, lobbying, electoral support,  judicial  action  and coalition building. In order to deal with such issues, they may even sometimes  conform  to public and  private  politics. This is for the  business  to  correct  its issues and consumers to  attain  their r ights. Such NGOs act as watch dogs for the external components of business such as the environment and people. Through such ways as discussed above they are able to  ascertain  for the fulfillment of the responsibilities that the business has. In the conduction of this, it also acts as a check on the governments effects on the business environment that in turn affect the people. This is through actions such as  harsh  regulations and taxes. ... This includes such aspects as discussed above on environmental, societal, regulatory and employee  consideration. This has culminated the  advent  of altruistic behavior in organizations fearing tainting their image, lobbyism against them and law suits. It can so be concluded that, NGOs do play a particularly crucial role in ensuring adherence to responsibilities by corporations and organizations  thus  positive behavioral actions (Keck, 1998: p.56). 2. Regulation of HRM activities of MNCs via the introduction of Minimum Labor Standards into international agreements on free trade Multinational corporations are currently extremely emerged in the economies of the world. This has brought about the development of super powers, and this  superiority  over other  nation’s economies has its adverse effects. Issues such as  employment  creation, improved living conditions, and industrialization are some of the benefits of such international trade. On the other hand , there are adverse effects such as the  killing  of local industries, social dumping, tax evasions and illegalities within the corporations that may occur (Tarrow, 2005: p.86). As a result of these various effects, it is of the suggestion that the human resource management activities of multinational corporations should be checked through the  introduction  of minimum labor standards into the  international  free trade agreements. Through the  application  of such minimum labor standards, some of the multinational corporations that consider themselves with key investors in the  foreign  economies kept at bay. As, such they lack the opportunity to  threaten  such economies with the rights

Animal Liberation Front Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Animal Liberation Front - Research Paper Example Finally, the report has stated that how the activities of ALF cannot be compared with the activities of other extremist terrorist groups in this world. The Animal Liberation Front is also recognized as ALF. ALF can be acknowledged as the terrorist groups that contains domestic terrorists. ALF is an international, leaderless and underground resistance that used to involve in different types of illegal direct actions in the pursuit of the animal liberation. This terrorist group believes in direct action. In addition to this, this terrorist organization has activity in more than 40 countries. ALF can be considered under the radar of the Animal Enterprise Protection Act (AETA 2005 and AEPA 2002). The activists of Animal Liberation Front try to remove the animals from the farms and laboratories. Major motives of this group are to arrange safe housing, organize veterinary care, and destroying facilities, ensuring healthy and sustainable living of the animals. However, several critiques have compared the activists of this group to the terrorists due to their direct illegal and devastating actions. This research paper is going to determine how the AEPA 2002 and AETA 2005 have been attached or linked to the ALF. The common problem of both AEPA 2002 and AETA 2005 is to label the groups as terrorist as the individuals within these terrorist groups with a lawful message that cannot engage the terrorist aspect. Therefore, it is quite important for the researcher that whether the label of terrorism can be applied to the Animal Liberation Front. However, based on the above mentioned facts and aspects, the research question of this paper can be articulated as: The origins of the Animal Liberation Front trace back to the English Activists’ group in the late 1960s, when a British Journalist formed HSA to stop the killing and torturing of the animals. Ronnie Lee was the founder of this Animal Liberation Front. Animal

The US Video Game Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The US Video Game Market - Essay Example The rapid technological development in the platform contributes to the video game market. During August 2008, Nintendo Wii console still holds the top notch with sales of 453,000 units (Haskins 2008). On the other hand, consumers purchase 518,000 units of portable Nintendo DS Systems. Next are Sony PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 3 consoles with sold 253,000 and 185,400 units, respectively. Last is Microsoft Xbox with sales of 195,200 during the same period. Looking at year on year performance, Sony's consoles are showing the most robust growth (Haskins 2008). The market for video games is evolving to become a family oriented activity instead of just being an occupation of hobbyist. The expansion then is through the involvement of more adult gamers. The sale of game product in aged 25-34 jumped by 63.4% from 2006-2007 surpassing the 42% recorded for 18-24 market group (Emigh 2008). The most suitable project manager for this project should have a strong marketing and economics background in order to understand the issues of the still growing video game market. The knowledge in marketing will enable the manager to analyze trends and their implications together with the movement in demand. Having an in-depth understanding of marketing techniques will enable the manager to interpret where the market is going through an analysis of the strategies employed by competing players.

Calculated Versus Observed Underwater Sound Speed Essay

Calculated Versus Observed Underwater Sound Speed - Essay Example The speed of sound in air is approximately figured out by the formula . . . speed of sound (m/s) = 331.5 + 0.60 T(C). The speed or velocity, at which sound travels through water was first researched by Sir Isaac Newton in 1687 when he found that measurements of sound in fluids relied only on the physical properties of the fluid, such as elasticity and density (Funk & Wagnalls). The speed of sound in water is about four times greater than that in air. Although this seems to contradict the physical law that the denser the gas, the slower the speed of sound, the sound speed is actually determined more by the elasticity of the medium (Urick, 1983). In 1822, Daniel Colloden used an underwater bell in an attempt to calculate the speed of sound underwater in Lake Geneva, Switzerland. His attempts resulted in figures remarkably close to today's accepted values (Acoustics . . . 2006). But sound speed cannot be discussed without mention of Jaque Sturm, French mathematician, who made the first accurate measurements of sound velocity in water in 1826. World War I created a great necessity to study the propagation of sound under water, with more progress in World War II and increased understanding from current research (Funk & Wagnalls). ... His attempts resulted in figures remarkably close to today's accepted values (Acoustics . . . 2006). But sound speed cannot be discussed without mention of Jaque Sturm, French mathematician, who made the first accurate measurements of sound velocity in water in 1826. World War I created a great necessity to study the propagation of sound under water, with more progress in World War II and increased understanding from current research (Funk & Wagnalls). The fact that sound moves in a straight line in a medium of equal density (ibid.) led to studies of water variables. Sonar's accuracy depends upon: 1. The reflection of sounds propagated in water. 2. Whether sound is reflecting or refracting. 3. Levels of salinity, while generally constant in the open ocean, greatly changes how sound travels through shallow water. 4. Temperature, a foremost factor in sound speed calculations, usually becomes lower at greater depths of water, decreasing sound speed at about 3 m/sec per degree Celsius. Below 1000m, though, temperature becomes generally constant and pressure is the predominant consideration. But a depth change of about 165m can cause the same change in sound speed as a one-degree temperature drop. Acoustic Tomography (a type of underwater CT scan) and Sofar Floats are examples of technologies and instruments that measure the movement of large scale ocean water mass. A unique feature of the ocean is the Sofar Channel in the upper regions of the deep ocean. In this layer of the ocean, at about 1250 meters below the surface in the northwest Atlantic, the temperature and pressure act to provide a "long range acoustic path or channel"(Acoustic . . . 2006). The SOFAR float is an instrument designed to be neutrally buoyant at a certain depth and

Online Privacy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online Privacy - Coursework Example Most people using the social websites fear that their personal information can be retrieved by cookie companies that monitor how one uses the internet. Another issue concerning online privacy is for those who use clouds to store their personal and business data and fear intrusion of the cloud by hackers and above all through cyber security. Therefore, online privacy is fundamental due even to the introduction of e-commerce where billions of dollars are transacted every day. Furthermore, it is upon every individual to make sure all passwords are secure and always log off from websites, emails, social media accounts before closing the browser to maintain efficient online privacy (Independent.co.uk, 2014). On the contrary, companies like Google and Facebook have access to personal information and data. Google is renowned globally and is the most used search engines on the internet. Google collects all available private information and conveniently places it at a researcher’s fingertips. This information is in the form of address, telephone numbers, pictures, and all history of work. On the other hand, Facebook is another popular website used by people to obtain private information. Intruders and researchers can obtain information pertaining the pictures uploaded and posted, family/friends information and even the place of work. These companies get personal information and data when people create accounts with them because it is mandatory to fill in all data pertaining to an individual, group or corporations. Furthermore, Google accounts such as Gmail get access to personal information through the phishing of private data (Baxter, 2013). The Snowden’s case has led to the emergence of many things revolving online privacy. This is because he worked for the United States of America government in the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the National Security Agency (NSA) but he leaked surveillance intelligence data and

American-Spanish War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American-Spanish War - Essay Example In the history of the United States, the Spanish-American War (SAW) is one of the most important foreign wars. The result of the war was the victory for the United States, and this victory became possible due to the hard work and efforts of far-sighted Americans, particularly known as â€Å"Navalists†. The contemporary world would have looked quite different today, if the United States had not won this war. The United States was able to defeat Spain so easily because some far-sighted Americans, such as Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge, were able to develop a strong American fleet. Creating a strong navy was one of the most important ways to protect the national interest and sovereignty of the United States. The navy was to be the backbone of the American power for years to come . The U.S. was able to defeat Spain at considerably low cost as it got prepared better both military and psychologically, to a large extent The background of the war actually propelled the United States to embark on the policy of revenge, and to take wide public opinion. On February 15, 1898, an explosion occurred in the USS Maine, in the Havana Harbor, which led to the war. Another reason was the idea of freeing Cuba from Spanish domination. However, the USA was able to rapidly gain control, and build an empire effectively. After it had drive Spain from Cuba, the United States was able to gain control of Puerto Rico, and eventually Samoa, Guam, Wake Island, Philippines, and then eventually Hawaii . The war only lasted around 3 months, and resulted in very few casualties, around 400 killed and wounded. In fact, the anti-Spanish press was able to raise the public against Spain, which led to mass support, which is essential in wars. Such anti-Spanish press included the â€Å"Yellow Journalism†. ... It was also because of the misrule by Spanish in Cuba, and the misery that it had caused, which led to huge nationalistic outburst.6 The fact that the United States was so strong militarily also paved the way for the swift and relatively easy victory. The U.S did not have to protect any colonies abroad. Additionally, the strong navy was built, which was encouraged by both business and government leaders. A modernization program had been started back in 1881, which had included innovations, which included new ships having steel hulls, large, rifled guns and steam engines. The strong U.S navy was able to defeat Spain easily, because Spain could not compete with the all-steel and steam navy, which had ranked one of the top five navies in the world at that particular period. The Spanish navy was easily defeated. 7 Additionally, the government policies, as well as the high quality of leadership also made Spanish defeat extremely easy. Theodore Roosevelt had a policy, which was summarized â€Å"Speak softly but carry a big stick† showed that there were masterminds behind the development of this plan. The building up of the navy, and the subsequent annexations that the U.S pursued ensured that Spain no longer stood a chance. 8 The Monroe Doctrine also stated that the New World would not be part of foreign colonization, which is why American leadership did not want Spanish presence in Cuba. The leadership eventually turned against Spain, and America’s policies and strength diverted to driving out Spain. Additionally, as historians have examined, Spain was an old and weak country, while the United States was vigorous, new and energetic. It had new strategies.9 As Barrett wrote: â€Å"When Dewey’s squadron sailed out from Mires

The Love Affair of Calixta and Alcee as the Storm Essay Example for Free

The Love Affair of Calixta and Alcee as the Storm Essay The Storm by Kate Chopin is a story of two people who are already married with their respective partners but still looked for happiness from other persons- their respective paramours. Both Calixta and Alcee know that they are both married and should be settled in their respective lives. However, they still had a sexual encounter one day when Calixta was left all by herself in their house while her husband and her son were stranded somewhere because of the storm. In this story, the storm symbolizes both the physical circumstances that the characters were experiencing and the passionate encounter that happened between the paramours. I think that the love affair of Calixta and Alcee is nothing else but wrong both for the two of them and their respective families. It is noticed that during the sexual encounter, both are not with their respective partners. Calixtas husband Bobinots whereabouts cannot be ascertained because of the storm that might have endangered his life. Calixta was in her vulnerable state because apart from being alone she does not know what just happened to her husband. In the words of Chopin: â€Å"Calixta put her hands in her eyes, and with a cry, staggered backward. Alcees arm encircled her, and for an instant he drew her close and spasmodically to him (1993)†. In other words, she was trying to find happiness and comfort during these times that Alcee was there at the right moment. At the same time, Alcees wife was also far away from him with their children. This suggests the same argument already mentioned. The same as Calixta, Alcee is also yearning for happiness and comfort that his wife cannot give because of the distance. My disagreement to the love affair of the two can be explained by Dennis Pragers The Missing Tile Syndrome. Prager asserted that â€Å"In life there will always be tiles missing (1995)†. He said that life could never be complete no matter how we wanted it to be or no matter how we strive for it. The missing tiles in our lives are likened to something or someone that we wanted to have; we cannot help but think about it all the time. The analogy goes like this: when we look up at the ceiling, whenever there is a missing tile, we tend to focus on that missing spot on the verge of getting fixated into it. Because of this, the two characters tend to focus on the absence of their partners that they find themselves unhappy and uncomfortable. Moreover, they are prone to making mistakes as Prager has mentioned â€Å"People act more decently when they are happy (1993)†. When they arent, they tend to veer towards the bad side. Moreover, the love affair would lead to pain and suffering of their respective families. This is because even when the ending of the story says â€Å"So the storm passed and every one was happy (Chopin, 1993)† suggests a resolution to the problem, I believe it is otherwise. The reconciliation of Calixta and her husband does not count as a happily ever after marriage because what was being presented were only intentions and not actions. Prager wrote that â€Å"what we do, not what we intend, is what counts (1995)†. He asserted there is no way we can ascertain motive because it is a state of the mind. The love of Calixta to her husband was not shown when she merely said, â€Å"Oh Bonibot! You too good fo anything†. At the same time, the letter that were sent by Alcee to his wife were also manifestations of intention and not actions which were likewise unreliable. â€Å"Alcee Laballiere wrote to his wife, Clarisse, that night. It was a loving letter, full of tender solicitude (Chopin, 1993)†. Even with this, we cannot be sure of the love and devotion of Alcee to his wife. This suggests that their respective families may be in danger of falling apart because the actions of love and passion by Calixta and Alcee are not for their respective partners and families but for somebody else. References Chopin, K. (1993). â€Å"The Storm†. Nineteen-Century Stories by Women. USA: Broadview Press. Prager, D. (1995). Think a Second Time. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.

Wealth Distribution in the US

Wealth Distribution in the US United States of America consists of 50 states and one federal district, with capital in Washington. Unites States has the largest economy in the world, with a nominal GDP of $ 16.8 trillion by the year 2013.[1] The U.S. is a big producer of oil and largest producer of natural gas. It has the second place in the trade after China.[2] Moreover U.S. is the largest financial center in the world with a center in New York. The unemployment is 7.7% by the year 2013, meaning 12 million people,[3] whereas the population represents 315 million. It is a huge country with a huge territory and due to the differences in living standard of the population; the distribution of income and wealth is extremely unequal. 1.1 Current status on wealth distribution Wealth inequality means the unequal distribution of assets among American inhabitants in the United States. Assets or wealth refers to everything what the family or a person possess minus all debts e.g. the real estate, automobiles, stocks, bonds, businesses, savings, and investments minus all mortgages, vehicles loans, educational loans, financial assets loans etc.[4] According to President Obama (2014) the top wealthiest 1% possesses 40% of the nation’s wealth; the bottom 80% own 7%, which refers to the current state of the wealth distribution. The average employee needs to work more than a month to earn what the CEO earns in one hour.[5] Wealth is not something to spend on the daily expenditures, it should be a contribution to the income in order to achieve and retain the desired status and standard of living.[6] Wealth should support current consumption or should be retained to support the future consumption.[7] Moreover, wealth should be used for short- and long-term financial security, social prestige, and is a tool to get an access to political power, and can be used to produce more wealth.[8] The more wealth one has, the more power one has, and the less restrictions there are to live the life one likes. Generally the working and middle class finance all standard living costs through income and wages, while the rich are aiming on gaining more wealth, and making more profit of it.[9] 1.2 Historical change of wealth distribution in the US Changes in wealth from 1989 to 2001 By observing how the wealth of American households changes with the time, one can notice a general increase in wealthier individuals and a decrease in the number of poor households. Moreover the share of households with more debts than assets (negative net worth) significantly decreased from 9.5% in 1989 to 4.1% in 2001.[10] From 1995 to 2004, one can notice a significant growth among household wealth in the whole U.S., they doubled from $21.9 trillion to $43.6 trillion, which rely not only on the wealthy part of the country but on all residents of America, however the wealthiest of them used that time to make up 89% of this growth.[11] The situation on unequal wealth distribution in the U.S. was always an issue but during this time, wealth became only more unequal, and the wealthiest 25% became even wealthier. The significant role in an increase of housing wealth played life-cycles. Every baby-boom, people who reached the peak of their careers and the middle aged population contributed a lot to the general increase of wealth throw-out of the U.S., by achieving the comfortable levels of wealth.[12] The other explanation of a strong increase of household wealth is that financing the own houses / flats and cars became more accessible for all classes of population by introducing different financial products like mortgage loans, leasing etc and by introducing some social assistance e.g. granting favorable financial conditions for poor families. Table 1: Share of wealth held by the Bottom 99% and Top 1% in the United States, 1922-2010 Source: http://www2.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/wealth.html Changes in wealth after 2007 During the financial crisis the wealth of the households declined from 2007 to 2009 by a total of $17.5 trillion or 25.5%, which is comparable to one year of GDP.[13] However in 2010 the household net worth improved the performance by growing of 1.3 percent only to a total of $56.8 trillion. Still that growth was not enough to reach the value before the crisis and 15.7 percent is needed to recover.[14] According to statistics of 2007 the top 1% own 34.6% of the total U.S. wealth. The next 19% possess 50.5%, which means that the top 20% wealthiest possessed 85% of all financial assets, which is incredibly unequal. While the bottom 80% of the US residents owned only 15% of the total wealth.[15] As was mentioned before, the percentage of wealthy people in 2014 even increased. 1.3 Comparison with other countries The figures of 2013 showed that the wealth inequality in the U.S. was worse than in most developed countries. Moreover according to some figures the United States does not belong in the league of the developed countries due to the unequal wealth distribution. As the U.S. top 10% own 75.4%, comparing with other countries (2014): Australia 50.3%, Canada 57.4%, Denmark 72.2% , Finland 44.9%, France 51.8%, Germany 61.7%, Italy 49.8%, Japan 49.1%, Spain 54%, U.K. 53.3% and Singapore 61.1%, which means that the US has the most unequal wealth distribution among the top 20 developed countries. However there are even some extreme examples like Chile 72.5%, India 73.8%, Indonesia 75%, South Africa 74.8%, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine.[16] In case of Switzerland, Denmark and Sweden the percentage of people with their own houses there is quite low as they tend to rent flats but there is no big difference in population classes like in the U.S. 1.4 Wealth vs. Income It is important to distinguish two following definitions: Wealth and Income. Income refers to a flow of money (per hour, per week, or per year) which means wages and salaries, i.e. income which people receive through work, retirements and some social aids; whereas wealth refers to the assets owned, e.g. houses, cars, financial assets (stocks, bonds), investments etc.[17] However income inequality is not adequate enough to describe the economic inequality, as it does not replicate the full picture of individual’s economic situation as some people live from their wealth and not from the income. According to the United States Census Bureau definition income is received on a regular basis before payments for personal income taxes, social security, union dues, medicare deductions, etc†.[18] By considering this definition it’s clear that the wealthiest families have low income however they earn their money through their assets, which enables them to support their lifestyle. As was mentioned before dividends and bond payments are not included in the classification of income but are the primary source of funding. People in retirement have also little income but a higher wealth due to saving of money during their lifetime, which they hand over to their children and children would be wealthier than their parents due to usage of their assets to earn profit.[19] A low-income household with above-average wealth is not necessarily worse off than a medium-income household with no wealth.[20] By taking a look on a table below there is a comparison of top 1% and bottom 40% and it is obvious that by having only debts (like these 40%) it is very hard or impossible to create wealth. There is only little exception of people, who created much wealth in one generation, while most of the wealthiest come already from rich families and were born rich. Who can be this top 1% of the wealthy people in the United States? Most likely these people to be self-employed and they earn most of the income from capital and financial assets.[21] The most common professions are managers, physicians, IT-administrators, lawyers, and teachers.[22] The wealth is not something, which could be gained in a couple of years. There are assets, which are given from parents to the children in order to make more wealth on existing wealth. That’s why top 1% are wealthy U.S. families, which made their business long time ago. 1.5 Mechanism to gain wealth As was mentioned before wealth is assets like real estates, vehicles, stocks and other financial and non-financial property. While some people save their money the whole life to get a house and all other expenditure go for food, clothes, gas and travels, the others make more wealth out of their wealth and with each generation these families become wealthier. There rises a question what is the way for a normal average class man to gain wealth? There are some possibilities or buildings established by the Federal Government. There are 401k plans, 403b plans, and IRAs. These tools (pension funds) are so called tax shelters, which were made for working individuals. They transfer pre-tax contributions of earned income to the tax sheltered savings accounts.[23] Contributed assets in Roth IRAs (individual retirement arrangement) are tax free and all interests, dividends, and capital gains are all excluded from income taxes. However in order to invest in these tools, one need a relative high capital and it’s only available for those individuals and families, who can afford to bind their assets for a long time (typically until the investor reaches age of 60). [1] _ Gross Domestic Product: 4th Quarter and Annual 2013, Bureau of Economic Analysis [2] _ Inman, economics correspondent China overtakes US in world trade [3] _ Federal Reserve Database-FRED [4] _ Hurst, (2007) [5] _ Marsden, (January 26, 2014) [6] _ Grusky,(2001), page 637 [7] _ OECD (2013) Framework for statistics on the distribution of household income, consumption and wealth, page 120 [8] _ Keister, page 64 [9] _ Gilbert, (1998) [10] _ US Federal Reserve on wealth distribution in the United States (2006) [11] _ Zhu Xiao Di. (2007) [12] _ US Federal Reserve on wealth distribution in the United States (2006) [13] _ Broder, (2010) [14] _ U.S. Federal Reserve, (2010) [15] _ Forbes (2011) by Deborah L. Jacobs [16] _ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-zuesse/us-is-now-the-most-unequa_b_4408647.html (2013) [17] _ Grusky, (2001), page 637 [18] _ U.S. Census Bureau, (2005) [19] _ Keister, (2004), page 65 [20] _ OECD (2013) Framework for statistics on the distribution of household income, consumption and wealth, page 121 [21] _ New York Times (2012) [22] _ New York Times (2012) [23] _ 401(k) Resource Guide – Plan Participants – Limitation on Elective Deferrals

Individual Opinion on Homosexuality and Religion

Individual Opinion on Homosexuality and Religion Some people in the society believe homosexuality to be an illness and that it could be rectified. But most of of the processes of round the revolve psychological therapies which expects to change homosexual sexuality to heterosexual), the worlds largest association of psychologists American Psychological Association (APA), stated that; But the strongly religion believes that homosexuality is a sinful act which is against the bible and is and has a direct breach of the bible and other religious books. Moreover, some two founders of a ministry put to finish homosexuals later described their programme as ineffective since not even one person was changed. The issue of eradicating homosexuality has became a political debate in America, with Christian political organisations supporting the slogan of changing homosexuality through force of will alone. They argue that many people are leaving their homosexual lifestyles due to sexual celibacy and marriage issues. Optionally, homosexual rights organisations argue that the views about gays and lesbians views misunderstand the meaning of a gay,and this sprouts to discrimination against the gay and lesbian people. additionally, the American Psychological Association(APA) has carried out a systematic research, which have resulted to that the psychological strategies are neither effective nor do they at any time change the sexual orientation, however instead they can cause a considerable harm. The views of the society on homosexuality The research shows that the views concerning homosexuality are specifically very delicate.in the society it depends on the culture and religios backgrounds.it is viewed that diffent people view the issue differently according to the cultural values of their society.gays and lesbians have civil rights which support their acts.however the religion does not agree wioth the acts since it views it as a sin and against the laws of the bible and any other holy book.but in the recent past individuals have tried to negotiate religion inorder for them to be accomondated in the society. Due to the fact that homosexuality is genetically inherited then some persons thing its bad to call the action sinful.because this is untrue conclusion, and for important reasons. Firstly, being wrongly prounounced, it stems up the the debate off course. The founders and staters of the Church deal with certain acts and doings but though not with such wrong terms as homosexuality. The question that rises in this is if homosexual traits are genetic, then how logical is to accuse such person of engaging in a sinful actions of homosexuality?.The issue that arises here are that homosexuality should be given a better wording despite the fact that the action is considered wrong. Despite the fact that largen sexual performance may be due to the genetic composition of our bodies this do not gurantee that such persons with such large sexual needs committing fornication is not sinfil but the fact remains that such actions are sinful before the holy book of God and its something to be shunnerd in the society and such acts are just like any other sin commitrted by a Christian. Sometimes the peoples genetic composition might make/lead them to violent disposition and this is sinning meaning that inclining is sinning just like when such a person commits murder or treats people with violence in the society Generally, homosexual is considered as a deviance and behavior that do not comply with the social norms and values of the society, hence therefore is socially created. Since many persons in the United States society believes that homosexuality is wrongful, society has made and highlighted homosexuality to be a a moral wrong. Since moral wrong is relative and not absolute to a society. Homosexuality is not a universal form of sexual immorality. There are most cultures that allow and support this forms of homosexuality. The Western society defy it though, and mostly this has lead to the non-accepting view resulting to discrimination towards homosexuals. But despite all this they should understand that homosexuality is a way of survival for some persons even if minority in the society and they should be accepted and accomondated the way they are and not isolating the in the society. The Church also encourages those who endure from the feel and passion of homosexuality. Additionally, the Church can usually and surely do a admierable work with this minority group that exists within her flock, moreover it can also reach out and accomondate them since such people, have much compassion especially when dealing with peoples who suffer from different sexual passions. Mo More so the Church is still should considers such sexual behaviors as passions even in the presence of modern scientific research that shows how homosexuality in particular have a genetic origin also. (Camperio-Ciani ). Problems of homosexuality the moral, religious and legal attitudes in trials to curb sexual behavior have interfeared with a clear view of the medical and psychological aspects of homosexuality. This phenomenon is probably much less destructive of social aspects of our society and culture than is generally believed, since it is actually more widespread than is generally acknowledged.( Norman Reider, pp 381-384) Homosexuality usually has hormonal,social and psychological factors,where the latter of which are the only ones which can be worked with successfully in our present state . A general practitioners task is to aid those who wish and need help with this problem in finding psychiatric treatment in the same way that persons with any other emotional disturbance are referred. This should be carried out without bias just as with any other emotional disturbance.( Norman Reider pp 381-384). Increase in the divorce cases due to increased engagement in the among gays and lesbian marriage hence reduced number of heterosexual marriages.also there is a significant number of unmarried men and women in the society. Also Homosexuals are unproductive in character this poses a threat to the societys survival -in the homosexual marriages the acts involved do not lead to production and this stems oup the issue of the society since this will lead to no tomorrows generation in the society hence therefore thi act is considered immoral in the society and harmful. The recent studies and researches show that the homosexuals have a greater chance of getting psychiatric problems than the heterosexual.such problems are accompanied by some instances such as high rates of suicide,depressin and antisocial personality disorders also use of drugs or substance abuse.( By N.E. Whitehead, Ph.D. Author of My Genes Me Do It) Homosexuals pose a threat to children-the presence of few homosexuals who do not exercise their normalities. These persons sin against the creator and there is no doubt that they are leading to total destruction of the both the family and our nation. I Pat opposed homosexuals and will do he said that he could do everything he could to restrict the freedom of these people to spread their contagious infection to the youth of our nation.( Pat Robertson, May 24, 1994 letter). Homosexuality is a sad and disillusioning lifestyle-this lifestyle is full of stressfull moments hence things are always stressfull;homosexuality poses and brings about the increased incidences of suicide among gay teenagers,the issues of isolation ,discrimination and the cases of violences increase in the society Homosexuality causes AIDS and other sexually transimited diseases which are and deadly-hence it does not argue whether homosexuality immensely affects the society or not because homosexuals since AIDS more than heterosexuals; this is due to the fact that the same sex are mo prone to such diseases. infact, it is successful to examine the kind of character s that are favourable to HIV infection, and such traits are shown and noticeable by and on the gays Homosexuals needs unique political rights and systems.-Different homosexuals want various things in the real life of politics but there should be equality under the law implying that no special or unique or specific treatments or a favours should be performed to a certain unique group of persons alone but just incase such happens then the same should be granted to the othern persons in the same society.The most important areas specifically concerning homosexuality is, marriage laws and government discrimination. Homosexuality undermines religion therefore leading to stability in the society-The argument stems up problems in some several areas in the society,such areas are such as: Firstly, many of people think its highly beneficial if religion is undermined and we furthermore think its not correct to compare the widespread of religion with stability (whatever that is; probably, the definition is tautological, such that stability is defined as following some religion). As is clear from several essays on morality on my atheism page, it is quite possible to have a well-functioning society with caring individuals without any religion at all. Homosexual behavior is also linked with higher rates of promiscuity, physical disease, mental illness, substance abuse, child sexual abuse and domestic violenceall things that impact society negatively. Dont try to say homosexual behavior doesnt hurt societyit is a major force that tears down society and harms children. Causes of homosexuality The causes of homosexuality in the modern society maybe due to:genetics inheritance where t where,he baby is born with the gene of homosexuality u in him/her especially from the X-gene from the mother mostly.hormonal imbalance During birth-.here the boy is born with features that are some common with the homosexuals than in the population. such traits might be inherited (genetic), while others might have been caused by the change in the hormones Jeffrey suggests that someone without these traits will be somewhat less likely to become homosexual later than someone with the( Jeffrey Satinover,M.D. ) Environmental factors. This comes on various developmental growth needs children kids have, needs for friendship with the parent of the same sex and age-mates of the same sex.Its through this that we understand that the children are not simply born with a sense of their own gender built is formed through the connections and friendships they form with the others, mostly the age bracket of the same sex age-mates.the children always look upon the parent of the same sex first and then to same peers to form their own sexul groupings inorder to understand how they suit in,and the value they own whether male or female.If this connection lacks then children dont form a healthy same sex bond and such needs for same sex go unsatisfied then they intensify and take another form. (Satinover, 1996). The developmental factors combined with genetic temperament, impacts perceptions, which all go to the development of homosexuality. Sexual abuse (molestation) or traumatic experiences. They contribute to the development of same-sex affection(attractions). personal choice,prenatal hormone defect,lack of bondage between the child and the parent of the same sex. Reincarnation Is homosexual judged harshly? Yes, homosexuals are treated with hostility in the societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the reasons to show this discrimination are given below:- It is said that gays are not natural. And real Americans always reject unnatural things like eyeglasses, polyester, and air conditioning. The society things that gay marriage encourage people to be gays since the behaviuor of people affect others, It is ctritisiced that encouraging gays to marry will lead open all kinds of crazy behaviors. And even people may even decide to marry their pets because a dog has legal standing and can sign a marriage contract. Straight marriage has been around a long time and hasnt changed at all like many of the principles on which this great country was founded; women are still property, blacks still cant marry whites, and divorce is still illegal. Straight marriage will be less meaningful if gay marriage were allowed; the sanctity of marriages like Britney Spears 55-hour just-for-fun marriage would be destroyed. Straight marriages are valid because they produce children. Gay couples, infertile couples, and old people shouldnt be allowed to marry because our orphanages arent full yet, and the world needs more children. Its also assumed that obviously gay parents will raise gay children, since straight parents only raise straight children. Religion do not support marriage of gays . since in many countries the cultures and religions do not sccept such even in the country. Its also criticized that children cannot succeed without the role models of the both sexes. Children can never succeed without a male and a female role model at home. Thats why we as a society expressly forbid single parents to raise children. Gay marriage will change the foundation of society; we could never adapt to new social norms. Just like we havent adapted to cars, the service-sector economy, or longer life spans The church which is expected to act as the guide to the society about the issue of homosexuality provides the guidelines for such other than the society being so harsh to the people with such minor traits.The church gives the guide lines on the issue- The church says that homosexuality is supposed to be seen as the result of humanitys rebellion against God, against his own nature and well-being and and its not supposed to be seen as a way of surviving and acting for men and women who are created in the likeness and the image of Gods. It also says that the people with homosexual tendencies are supposed to seek assistance in discovering the specific causes of their homosexual orientation, and to work toward overcoming its harmful effects in their lives. The church also provides that homesexual persons who accept the Orthodox faith and everyone else who believes and struggles,instructed and counseled in the Orthodox Christian doctrine and ascetical life hence therefore the persons still in need to justify their behavioral traits in the society may not be included and accomondated in the Churchs sacramental processes,this is due to the fact that the sct of doing so would not assist them but rather harm them. It also suggests that the psychiatrists who are involved and deal with persons with homosexual orientation should be given assistance inorder to help such peoples in their thoughts,actions and feelings with theb regard on the issue of homosexuality. Such assistance will be ideal especially if given to the necessary parents, relatives and friends of the affected individuals in the society.additionally, It is certainly necessary for pastors and church workers also to be given such assistance to be too involved in the rehabilitation of the same. These affirmations on marriage, family, sexuality, and the sanctity of life are issued by the Holy Synod of Bishops on the occasion of the Tenth All-American Council of the Orthodox Church in America (Miami, Florida, July, 1992) Conclusion Its evident that in all societal moral disorders,therefore it follows that homosexuality too leads to the prevention of ones self fulfillment of goals and objectives and the joy experienced by acting and complying with the creativity and the enduring wisdom of the god the almighty and the moral values in the society. The Church, and the society in complete objection of the different erroneous opinions on the issue concerning homosexuality, do not by any means reduce neither does it limit but rather defends and selfishly oppresses the personal freedom and dignity realistically and authentically understood. Moreover the church is looked upto to regulate the societal moral values and the peoples behavior but at the same time it should leave a room for the minorities with contrary opinions in the society.

inertia and car accidents Essays -- essays research papers

Exp # 1 Title: Inertia and Car accidents. Aim: To find out how inertia plays a part in accidents. Materials: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wooden ramp, approx 1.5m long and 30cm wide. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bricks or wooden blocks 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 dynamics, trolleys or toy cars 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plasticine 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  metre rule Method: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two plasticine dummies weighing 20g each were made and placed on the trolleys. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trolley B was placed 30-40cm in front of the ramp. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trolley A was placed 100cm from the end of the ramp. Directly in line with the other trolley. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trolley A was released and was let to collide into Trolley B, observations were made on what happened to the dummies. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The experiment was repeated twice making sure everything was in the same place. Results: Refer to table 1. Questions: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What happened to the dummy on trolley A during the collision? Did it move during the collision? Did it move forward, backward, or stay in the same place? The Dummy on Trolley A fell forward during the collision, as the gradient increased, the dummy fell further forward. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The conclusion I have drawn from the evidence suggests that the steeper the gradient, the greater the impact. T...

Author Eudora Welty Describes Unjust Treatment of African American Wome

Author Eudora Welty Describes Unjust Treatment of African American Women On the fifteenth of September 1963, a white man was seen setting a box beneath the steps of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. The contents of the box: 122 sticks of dynamite. Minutes later, the makeshift bomb exploded, killing four young African American girls and injuring twenty-three other people. The white man, Robert Chambliss, paid a one hundred dollar fine for possessing dynamite without a permit. He was found not guilty of murder, and the case was added to a long list of "unsolved" bombings, police killings, and other acts of violence against the African American community. This was the world in which Eudora Welty wrote. A native of the South, Welty witnessed racism and anti-Black violence-such as the infamous Birmingham Bombing-first hand. She saw the innocent injured and slain because of the color of their skin. She watched as Black men struggled and finally gained equality -and as Black women failed to be equal within the walls of their own homes. And was Eudora Welty silent? Or did she speak out against these wrongs? Critics accused Welty of ignoring politics in her work. "Some have questioned her ... failure to lobby for the rights of blacks" (Ealy). However, Welty's portrayal of African American women in her stories highlights her belief that they were trapped in a world of injustice-a society controlled by whites and a culture dominated by men. Eudora Welty speaks through two characters, Phoenix and Livvie, and their dealings with different types of authority. Welty emphasizes the hopeless situation of African American women through her characters' encounters with the authority of nature. She creates a wor... ...ld. Eudora Welty was not silent when it came to social issues. In her own, sometimes-quiet ways, she fought discrimination and racism and inequality. She voiced her opinions and beliefs. Her stories can speak loudly of the injustices of a tainted society, but these protests are only heard by those who immerse themselves in her work, by those who reach beneath the surface to find the true meaning of the subtle events that comprise her stories. Works Cited 1. Ealy, Charles. "Eudora Welty Last Survivor of the Southern Renaissance." Dallas Morning News July 24, 2001. 2. Williams, Maxine. "Why Women's Liberation is Important to Black Women." The Millianton July 3, 1970. 3. Newman, Pamela. "Take a Good Look At Our Problems." The Millianton October 30, 1970. 4. Welty, Eudora. Thirteen Stories by Eudora Welty. Orlando: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1965.

Erikson’s Theory Essay

When discussing the development theory, Erikson had been the frontier with many major contributions. Unlike Freud and Piaget, Erikson’s theory of development focused much more on social interactions. While most of us agreed that children do become toilet-trained between ages one and three, Erikson’s theory also went further to acknowledge that children also learn to talk, walk, feed themselves, etc. In order to understand Erikson’s theory of development, we need to focus on three main principles: dynamic balance of opposites, vital involvement and life in time. Dynamic balance of opposites: There are two opposing tendencies in dynamic balance of opposites: dystonic (negative) and syntonic (positive). Erikson believed there were eight stages, and at each one, the individual resolved a crisis between the positive (syntonic) and negative (dystonic) tendencies (Erikson & Kivnick 1986). A resolution of crisis does not mean that a person rejects either syntonic or dystonic completely, but rather that a person should find a balance between two of those tendencies. For instance, our American culture has frequently taught parents to never say â€Å"no† to their children because that could potentially damage a child’s self-esteem. However, Erikson would disagree and say that children do need to hear â€Å"no† sometimes to understand that the whole world does not revolve around them. Erikson would also say that telling the child â€Å"no† all of the time is bad as well. Vital involvement depends on the balance of syntonic and dystonic tendencies. Vital Involvement: Erikson developed eight stages of development. First, the trust versus mistrust stage, where infants start to learn that either the world is good and can be trusted, or is bad and can’t be trusted (Erikson et.al 1986). For instance, Erikson would state that babies learn to trust their caregivers for not letting them go hungry, but babies also learn to mistrust their caregivers for yelling at them and not feeding them consistently. Second, the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage where children learn about their own â€Å"selves† which is separate from their caregivers (Erikson et.al 1986). In this stage, children usually develop their own will and desires and apply  them well by saying â€Å"no†. When children start to feel comfortable using â€Å"no† as a way to reach their desires, they have reached the initiative versus guilt stage. In this stage, children learn to internalize values from the elder and also acquire the sense of guilt for wrongdoing. The next stage is industry versus inferiority where children explore the greater world in elementary school and their surroundings. Erikson did pay a lot of attention in the identity versus confusion stage because it focuses on adolescents and their identity crisis. Fidelity is the heart of identity because adolescents share some of their parent’s values, as well as develop their own. The last three stages include intimacy versus isolation, generativity versus stagnation, and integrity versus despair. Each of these stages focuses greatly on the continuity of human development until death. Erikson recognized that there are certain time periods when it might be easier for some to develop and harder for others to develop, depending on the environment that influence them. For instance, some children who faced hardships (family separation, family violence, etc.) might have trouble in certain stages or even all of the stages, depending on where the factors start. Life in time: Erikson referred to his theory of development as epigenesis. Epigenesis is relevant to evolution (the past and the future) and genetics. Erikson explained, â€Å"†¦epi can mean ‘above’ in space as well as ‘before’ in time, and connected with genesis can well represent the space-time nature of all development† (Erikson et.al 1986). Erikson did not refer epigenetic to individual genetic make-up and how it influences individual development. Rather, Erikson was concerned with how personality and behavior is influenced after birth and so on. For instance, my mother has had a hard time adjusting with American culture when we first migrated here from Vietnam. My sister and I started to adapt to the new culture right away—from clothing style, hairstyle, hobbies, etc. in which my mother had a very difficult time to accept. She wanted us to keep our traditional customs at home, as well as outside our home. At first, we felt reluctant because we felt she did not understand the importance of â€Å"fitting-in† at school. However, as we started college, my sister and I started to realize that our culture and traditions are unique and understand where my mother was coming from (Identity/ confusion stage). Conclusion: Erikson had dedicated his life by contributing to developmental psychology in major ways. Erikson’s theory of development is still widely used and studied by many scholars.

Ib Eggshell Report

Candidate's name: Eunika Orlowska Candidate's number: School's name: School's number: Determining the amount of CaCO3 in eggshell of hen's egg | Design | DCP | CE | Aspect 1 | | | | Aspect 2 | | | | Aspect 3 | | | | Introduction: The back titration is a method used in determining the amount of excess of the reagent. The calcium carbonate is a substance which gives the eggshell stiffness. Research question: What is the amount of calcium carbonate in the eggshell measured by back titration? Table 1. Variables.Type of variable | Variable | Unit | Dependent | Amount of calcium carbonate in eggshell | % by mass | Independent | Volume of titrated excess of hydrochloric aced | cm3 | Controlled | Volume of hydrochloric acid Weight of eggshell Temperature Amount of phenolophateine | cm3 g oC drop | Uncontrolled | Purity of solutions Biological diversity of eggs Pressure | – – hPa | Equipment: buret 5 beakers 50 cm3 baguette 1 plastic pipette balance clamp 2,5 g of eggshell morta r 100 cm3 of 1moldm-3 hydrochloric acid ap. 70 cm3 of 1moldm-3 sodium hydroxide 20 cm3 pipette Risk assessment: you have to remember to wear gloves, goggles and apron. Solutions may be irritating. Method: Crush to dust eggshell in the mortar. Fill each of the 5 beakers with 20 cm3 of hydrochloric acid measured by glass pipette. Add 0. 5 g of eggshell dust to each beaker, measured by balance. While the reaction of eggshell with acid occurs, prepare the buret and clamp for titration. Make sure they are clean. Pour NaOH solution into the buret to the ‘0' level. Make sure all of the eggshell reacted with the HCl. If not, you can help the reaction by using the baguette.Put two drops of phenolophateine into each beaker using the plastic pipette. Take the first beaker and titrate the excess of hydrochloric acid. When the solution starts to be pinkish, record the volume of titrated NaOH. Refill the buret to the ‘0' level and repeat the procedure for each beaker. Remember to reco rd the results. Remember to be careful and to leave your workplace clean! Data Collection Table 2. Raw data. The weight of eggshell reacting with HCl and titrated NaOH. Number of trial | Weight of eggshell [g ±0,01g] | Volume of HCl [cm3 ±0,05cm3] | Volume of titrated NaOH [cm3 ±0,05cm3] | 1 | 0. 9 | 20. 00 | 9. 60 | 2 | 0. 50 | 20. 00 | 11. 50 | 3 | 0. 51 | 20. 00 | 11. 60 | 4 | 0. 50 | 20. 00 | 9. 90 | 5 | 0. 50 | 20. 00 | 10. 30 | Mean | 0. 50 ±0,01 | 20. 00 ±0,05 | 9. 93 ±0,05 | Standard deviation | 0. 00047 | 0. 00 | 0. 29 | Uncertanties were taken as in measurments, not calculated by formula, to avoid too large and unreliable uncertainties in further calculations in which they're calculated according to formulas: in case of division and multiplication: =dA/A+dB/B, where d is overall uncertainty, dA is uncertainty of A and dB is uncertainty of B in case of addition and subtraction: d=dA+dB, where where d is overall uncertainty, dA is uncertainty of A and dB is uncer tainty of B Trials 2 and 3 were rejected because of too large differentiation of results. Data Processing Two reactions occured in the experiment. Firstly, the HCl reacted with CaCO3 and secondly, the excess of HCl was neutralized by NaOH. 2HCl + CaCO3 > CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O HCl + NaOH > NaCl + H2O 1. Calculating the amount of HCl at the beginning of reaction CmHCl = 1. 0 moldm-3 VHCl = 20. 00 cm3 = 0. 20 dm3  ± 0. 00005 n = Cm * V n = 1. 0* 0. 020 = 0. 020 mol  ± 0. 00025 2. Calculating mean amount of NaOH which neutralized the excess of HCl CmNaOH = 1. 0 moldm-3 VNaOH = 9. 93 cm3 = 0. 0099 dm3  ± 0. 00005 n = Cm * V n = 1. 0 * 0. 0099 = 0. 0099 mol  ± 0. 0005 3. Calculating the amount of HCl which reacted with CaCO3 0. 020 mol – 0. 0099dm3 = 0. 010 mol  ± 0. 00075 4. Calculating the amount of CaCO3 which was in the eggshell We know that the molar ratio in the reaction between HCl and CaCO3 is 2/1, which means that 2 moles of HCl react with 1 mole of CaCO3. If 0. 010 moles of HCl reacted with CaCO3 then there was 0. 05 mole of CaCO3 in the eggshell. nCaCO3 = 0. 010/2 = 0. 005 ±0. 0075 5. Calculating the percentage of CaCO3 in the eggshell. MCaCO3 = 40. 09 + 12. 01 + 3 * 16,00 = 100. 1 gmol-1 nCaCO3 = 0. 005 mol  ± 0. 0075 m = M * n m = 0. 005*100. 1 = 0. 50 g  ± 0. 0075 meggshell=0. 50  ± 0. 01 CCaCO3 in eggshell = 0. 50 / 0. 50 = 100 %  ± 3. 5% Table 3. The results and uncertaities Calculated value | Value | Uncertainty | Number of moles of HCl at the beginning of reaction | 0. 020 mol | 0. 00025 mol | Mean amount of NaOH which neutralized HCl | 0. 0099 mol | 0. 005 mol | Mean amount of HCl which reacted with CaCO3 in the eggshell | 0. 010 mol | 0. 00075 mol | Number of moles of CaCO3 in the eggshell | 0. 005 mol | 0. 0075 mol | Molar mass of CaCO3 | 100,1 gmol-1 | – | Percentage of CaCO3 | 100% | 3. 5% | The eggshell consists of 94-97% of calcium carbonate, meanly 95. 5 %. From collected data it is 100%, which suggests that pe rcentage error was not big and remains in accepted value of 20%. percentage error = (|theoretical value – experimental value| ? theoretical value) x 100% = (95. 5 – 100 ? 95. 5) = 4 %Conclusion and Evaluation The eggshell consists of 94 – 97% of calcium carbonate. The experiment suggests that the eggshell has 100% of calcium carbonate and the percentage error is 4 % which means calculations and results where accurate. The fact that the result has shown 100% of calcium carbonate in the eggshell may lay in the construction of eggshell which is biological â€Å"machine† to give hen's embryo the best possible environment for development. Apart from calcium carbonate, there are other components of eggshell, for example magnesium carbonate and calcium phosphate which also react with hydrochloric acid.Reaction of calcium phosphate with hydrochloric acid: Ca3(PO4)2 + 6HCl > 3CaCl2 + 2H3PO4 this reaction should't have influence on titration that much, because as a result there's the same number of hydrogen ions which can be neutralized, but the second reaction, of magnesium carbonate and hydrochloric acid: MgCO3 + 2HCl > MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O also takes HCl to it's reaction, decreases number of H+ ions and so suggests that more HCl reacted with calcium carbonate. This is the uncontrolled variable, the impurity of the eggshell, which affected the result.Other factor, which may have had influence on the results is the human's imprecision. The used equipment was as accurate as possible in school laboratory, but still, the titration is made by hand and by eye, which may make mistakes although back titration is the best possible way in school laboratory to check the amount of particular components in mixtures. Other method, which would distinguish between magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate is gas spectrometry – mass spectrometry. This method uses combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. First, the substance is put into gas chr omatograph.The mobile phase, in which the particles of substances move towards the stationary phase is made of unreactive gas, such as nitrogen or helium. In this, the substance is separated into particular components and then, the mass spectrometer analyses the components to identify them. This method is commonly used to determine the ingredients of substances, of food, beverages, perfumes. Also, it is useful in medicine and and in exploring Universe, for example, one GC-MS was taken by Curiosity to examine the surface of Mars. Summing up: in school laboratory, accuracy of experiments is limited by equipment.Better accuracy can be obtained by using more accurate balance, as no other equipment can be changed in used method. Back titration can't be replaced by other methods of determining the percentage of CaCO3 in the eggshell, as it is the best way to do it in school laboratory, although generally more accurate methods are created, using machines which exclude the human factor from experiments, for example gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. Bibliography http://antoine. frostburg. edu/chem/senese/101/consumer/faq/eggshell-composition. shtml 18th November 2012 J. Green, S. Damji â€Å"Chemistry† IBID 2008

Laban Movement

Christine Dugan Sheila Buttermore LMA Research Project Inner vs. Outer Connetivity Laban movement analysis is the language of dance and is considered to be sacred geometry that uses five crystallized forms that calculate movement and offers equations through symbols to make sense of everyday movement . By using laban motifs/symbols in an equation, the end product is almost always a dance or a deliberate movement sequence. The ability to use the laban system has made me aware of how I both observe and understand dancing in every sense of the word and idea of movement as I study as a performing arts major at Raritan Valley.The concept of inner vs. outer connectivity is what intrigues me the most so far out of they many interesting facts and ideas taught and spoken about within this semester taking into account that we were exposed to was only the tip of a giant ice berg that is LMA and all that it offers. The simple concept of thinking about, and emotionally feeling a movement and wher e that movement is intended to go through space before actually moving it is something I feel that I have been knowingly over analyzing in all of my years of dancing both in and out of class. Learning about inner vs. uter connectivity brought an awareness and a validity to my understanding of dance along with developing my ability to put inner states into outer expressions. In order to portray a specific emotion or gesture through movement, one must consider their Spatial Intent. â€Å"Spatial Intent is a clarity and specificity of outer destination in movement that has the effect of promoting and organizing inner connectivity†(1) For example, to execute a movement with a heavy intent such as stomping your feet on the ground, thinking of a heavy mass or emotion will allow that stomping to be perceived as an undeniably heavy, weighed action.When dancers have not been introduced to laban’s inner and outer connectivity concept, they are only achieving the technical aspect of the movements that they are taught, failing to connect with the inner dynamics that bring life and intent to performance. An example of how simply this can be taught to even the youngest of dancers would be to have them imagine that they are holding a beach ball in their arms, giving them a mental visualization of the correct placement of where their arms should be.By using laban’s method, this will eventually become an intrinsic component of their movements thereby developing muscle memory and natural inner and outer connectivity. Within one of the books that assisted me throughout my research, â€Å"Body Movement: Coping With The Environment† it states, â€Å" When, however, a specific spatial intent is added, such as a gathering movement of embracing or a scattering movement of repelling particular objects, a new tension is created between the object and the initiation of the movement in the body, and a particular, rather than a general, spatial shape is produc ed as the movement proceeds. (2) This book was a collaboration of Irmgard Bartenieff, the man who created the basic six exercise’s and the BF principals taught in LMA and Dori Lewis from the 19th century. This along with several other quotes and passages once again validated my original thoughts on the simplicity and efficiency of these methods for teaching and ways of thinking of movement. Aside from form and spatial points as well as technique being what makes dance, emotion comes first in order to authenticate and embody what that dance really means to you.Without emotion and purpose behind a dance, there is no inner connectivity to transcend out onto those watching you move. It is not hard to tell the difference between watching a dancer who is committed and invested in the movements they are making from head to toe and seeing the purposeful look in their eyes as they follow the direction they are moving, compared to a dancer who seems to appear somewhat jumbled up in the ir movement, displaying lack of directional intent and body connectivity with a blank look on their face and without emotion in their eyes.Audiences universally go to see performances with the intention of having an emotional experience whether it be happy, sad, funny, ect. It is up to the performers to fulfill those expectations. It is through the skill and inner and outer connectivity of the performers that these expectations can be met. It is with the knowledge that I have gained through learning about Laban’s theories and concepts that will allow me to have a new level of awareness and sense of connection.I will apply what I have learned with a conscious effort to implement my body connectivity both inner and outer as well as how I portray my movements as I go forward in dance. Studying Laban theories and concepts has given me a deeper appreciation of both performance and everyday movement. I look forward to continuing my understanding of this amazing language of dance th at was created by Rudolph Laban, who made an intangible art from, tangible.

E Commerce Homework Essay

1Would you say that Google and Yahoo are direct or indirect competitors? What about McDonalds and Macaroni Grill? Explain why? Indeed Google and yahoo are both direct competitors because the both provide the same services such as : email , search ,chatting groups , blogs ,for McDonalds and Macaroni they are indirect since both provide food but of different types which make them compete for different products . –  2 . Given the example of Atari and Nintendo games, which one was the first mover into the market and which was the fast follower? What advantages and disadvantages does each one have over the other? First mover: Atari Fast follower : Nintendo Advantages and disadvantages over each other: 1- Atari had the lead for a long period of time and was dominate in the marketplace 2-Nintendo learned from the failure of Atari and was able to take over the market only by doing stuff the Atari company missed out. 3 . Visit hamleys.com and describe its business model based on t he information you find there. Identify its customer value proposition, its revenue model, the marketspace it operates in, who its main competitors are, any comparative advantages you believe the company possesses and what its market strategy appears to be . Also try to locate information about the   company’s management team and organizational structure. (Check for a page labeled â€Å"the Company,† â€Å"About Us,† or something similar). Value proposition: facilitation of transaction ,law search cost ,low item discovery cost Revenue model: Sales revenue model The market space it operates in: toy selling Main competitors are: Toys-R-Us ,FAO schwarz Comparative advantages: provide party organizing services and gift warping services Market strategy: create a brand name, use the good reputation and long history as a proof of good service, and provide good and appealing offers . Company’s management team and organizational structure Buying and Planning, Retail Operations, Marketing, Human Resources (HR), IT, Finance, E-commerce Visual Merchandising and Design, Franchise .

Book Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Book Report - Assignment Example They believed this would be achieved only when the power was shifted back to the worker, consequently, ending the country’s inclination to a being run by the capitalist elite rather than a democratic state. Foner shows how the public’s sensed of a power imbalance in the country leading to the populist movement, which sought to address the problem by ensuring there, was equality. This will mean that the public will have more voice in the crucial sectors in the country in that there were reforms in the country’s economic systems and policies. The populist movement, which can be traced to rural America, involved both whites and the black populace. The movement aimed to make certain that the apprehensions of both parties were addressed and that there was equality in the land. This was through uniting the interest of both parties and presenting them through a united front. The mobilization of this movement was done mainly during social events like picnics among other social avenues (Niemi, William, and Plante 217). These meetings provided a platform for the spread of the populist agenda. The women were also involved in the process hence removing the gender barrier. The populist movement ensured that the society was equal in that the interests of all the parties were encompassed in the movement’s agenda (Foner 213). The populist movement attempted to bring equality to America. With the country’s rise to being a super, power its responsibilities in term of ensuring equality in and outside its boundaries. This wa s through the stop of imperialist expansion, which was a threat for the liberties of other nations. Through this America ensured that there was equality for the small nations and the mighty ones. Foner also explores the significance of the progressive era. The progressive era involved idealists who aimed to reform the political process. They noticed

Outline the Main Types of Business Structure that Existed in Britain Research Paper

Outline the Main Types of Business Structure that Existed in Britain Between the World Wars, Indicating their Strengths and Weaknesses - Research Paper Example The different types of business structures in Britain between World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945) included family firms, personal capitalism, cartelization, a formation of mergers, diversification, and growth of modern industrial empires. The purpose of this paper is to outline the main types of business structures during the inter-war years, indicating their strengths and weaknesses. During the early period of the interwar years, many British product markets were characterized by fragmentation, as companies attempted to differentiate their product separately from others’ products. Managerial and supervisory systems were weak, managers were poorly educated and trained, and the levels of managerial hierarchy were inadequately demarcated resulting in poor coordination and efficiency. According to Westall, late nineteenth century businessmen had the usual three strategy options: competition, collusion or integration. Each option had further choices for example, competition could be by non-price means such as a differentiation of products to make them more appealing to consumers. Collusion referred to cooperation between businesses to raise prices and profitability. Integration was the process by which companies joined together to accommodate larger shares of economic activity internally rather than rely on market mediation. The term family firm refers to various types of owner-managed firms.  

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Business Strategy for Coca-Cola Company - Research Paper Example The Coca-Cola Company was created in Atlanta, Georgia in 1886. It engages in the manufacture, distribution, and marketing of nonalcoholic beverages and syrups. The Company is responsible for the production and distribution of 400 brands of beverages, which include light and diet beverages, juice drinks and juice, waters, coffees, teas, energy and soft drinks. Moreover, the company owns various canning and bottling subsidiaries in different regions worldwide. In addition, the organization sells finished products of beverages which bear its trademark in more than 200 nations worldwide. By 2006, the Coca-Cola Company operated via eight segments which include Africa, Pacific Rim, East, South Asia; Latin America; European Union; North America; the Middle East and Eurasia; corporate and bottling companies. The Coca-Cola Company activities straddle various sectors of the soft drink industry: in world’s trade in 2004, the company was leading in terms of value and volume in the carbona tes, vegetable or fruit juice, coffee and ready to drink sectors. In the Asian specialty and functional drinks, Coca-Cola Company was the second-best player in the world (The Coca-Cola Company, 2015).   The company produces syrups and concentrates which are sold to different bottling organizations for final, processes such as dilution and packaging.   The collaboration between the Coca-Cola Company and other bottling companies creates the most effective distribution and production system in the world.

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 15

Project Management - Essay Example Key project obstacles include scope, quality, budget, and time. Other secondary obstacle would include more ambitious challenges like fairly allocating the necessary inputs and integrating them in order to achieve the set objectives and goals. There are various ways of approaching project management activities. Regardless of the methodology employed; project managers should put a lot of considerations on the overall project objective, time, cost, and also the responsibilities and duties to be played by members and stakeholders in the project. PRINCE2 and Agile project management methodology are examples of the methodologies available for project managers (Keith 2010). PRINCE2 is a well-structured approach used in project management. It combines the original PROMPT methodology with IMB’s MITP methodology. PROMPT methodology had earlier evolved into the present day PRINCE2 methodology. PRINCE2 offers a platform for project management with clearly spelt out structure. It was developed by the United Kingdom government Office of Government Commerce (OGC). The United Kingdom expensively uses this methodology in its management duties of public projects in the country. PRINCE2 encompasses the control, organization and management of a given project. It puts a lot of focus on not only definition of products but also their delivery, especially the quality requirements (Gerard 2008). Because of this, it defines a successful project as being output oriented but not activity or action oriented. This is through creating products agreed upon as well as defining the intended scope of the project. It also helps provide a platform for control and planning. Project chiefs would be able to coordinate the project participants. Additionally, they will be able to know how to supervise and design product delivery and what to do if the project fails to meet the originally set goals. In the PRINCE2 methodology, all the different processes involved are clearly specified with

The Features Of Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Features Of Immigration - Essay Example Legalization of the permits held by American immigrants would increase their wages. This has a multiplier effect on the entire economy and would result in an overall increase in the gross domestic product (GDP) by over 1.5 trillion dollars over the next decade. These increased amounts would result in greater employment levels, greater demand, exports, and output. Overall it would translate to better living standards for all the American people. On the other hand, mass deportations as proposed by some people would result in a decrease in the gross domestic product (GDP) by almost double this figure. This translates to about 2.05 trillion dollars over one decade. The difference between the two scenarios is over 3.5 trillion dollars. This clearly shows that immigrants positively benefit the American economy. Fighting an economic reality is not only a difficult endeavor, but it is also an endeavor whose chances of success are very slim. Americans are trying to fight an economic crisis oc casioned by mismanagement of their economy. The economy was brought to its knees through a misdirection of tax funds and a poor regulatory environment. Money that should be used at home in supporting new investments to increase employment is instead directed to wars that are not beneficial to the American people. The financial sector that triggered the collapse of the economy had prospered for many years under insufficient laws and regulations. In short, the prosperity was just a bubble that would eventually burst sooner or later. Rather than blame our problems on immigrants, it would be better to focus on the real issues. Such an approach will help us move forward and avoid similar problems in future. The truth is that immigrants do not violently rob Americans of their jobs. Rather than resort to empty rhetoric about their being in America and how it equals to fewer jobs for Americans, the question should be why they are in employment in the first place and not the Americans. As the poem So Mexicans Are Taking Jobs from Americans puts it, â€Å"Do they come on horses with rifles, and say, Ese gringo, gimmee

What are management techniques. Which ones are effective Research Paper

What are management techniques. Which ones are effective - Research Paper Example The Balanced Scorecard Technique is a performance-based technique that is structured in a way that enables a sequential check and evaluation of processes in order to determine the level of conformity with the expected outcomes (Armstrong 46). The popularity of the Balanced Scorecard has been witnessed largely in western countries. Studies have also found out a significant level of preference of this management tool in Scandinavian countries, the Middle East and Spain. Over the times, theorists and management experts have managed to develop related techniques and concepts of management basing on the structural foundation of the Balanced Scorecard. Some of the related techniques are Results Based Management and the Performance Prism technique. The fundamental feature in these techniques is the linking of all actions towards some specific outcomes. The balanced Scorecard operates through the creation of ‘target values’ that are used to measure the progress and specific outcomes of various processes within the organization. Essentially, the units of measurement are designed in ways that provide the most relevant information about the nature of performance of a given measure. Both financial and non-financial units of performance are assessed against these target values, which act as safeguards to the nature of performance (Armstrong 50). For instance, the volume of sales could be assigned to some specific target value so that all subsequent actions and results regarding the trends of sales are measured against this target value. On this score, it becomes necessary to consider the fact that other matters such as employee performance are regulated and observed through these values. Such measures could involve appraisal processes in which the performance of employees is measured against definite goals in order to deter mine the levels of progress in relation to certain

Something important that you learned from this course Essay

Something important that you learned from this course - Essay Example They view the need for change as the opportunity for employees to succeed in their professional lives and increase the level of productivity. According to Lussier and Achua, an effective leadership is one that influences constituencies to make a shift from self-interests to collective interests of the group (348). In short, the role of leaders is to identify the need of the followers, make them aware of the need to fulfill those needs, provide followers a well-designed and practical strategy to follow, and to motivate people to continue their efforts for the achievement of goals and objectives. On the other hand, managers are people who supervise and control the activities of their subordinates in order to keep organizational system running. Here, an important point to mention is that managers are not born, they are appointed as managers by the top officials and stakeholders of their respective companies. Conversely, leaders are not appointed, rather they are born as leaders. Manager s have all abilities of an effective leader due to which they get the opportunity to manage other employees. Top management officials include the stakeholders and owners of companies who appoint managers based on their effective management and leadership skills. Managers are the most talented employees of a company who are able to show their managerial skills and decision-making ability in carrying out their job tasks as the result of which the top officials appoint them as managers of their respective departments. They get those promotions based on their ability to manage and control their own tasks and other employees’ activities in an effective manner. Leadership plays a key role in motivating people to achieve the desired set of goals. Without having an effective leadership with a clear approach and strategy, it is impossible for the followers to make a successful struggle towards the achievement of goals (Coutts 1). Employees need to keep up their confidence and motivati on to continue working for the cause in an efficient manner even in recession. Sometimes, such phases occur in a project when the level of enthusiasm and motivation of employees go down. In such cases, managers are the people who play the role of effective leaders and drive employees towards completion of the project without any delay. Analyzing these aspects of leadership and management, it is evident that both concepts are interconnected and do not have any considerable difference between them.

Business regulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business regulation - Essay Example For the industry, alcohol beverage uses a wide range of marketing tools where most young people are greatly exposed in everyday life (Brabbs 2002). Further, these marketing tools result in abroad range of marketing practices that range from event sponsoring to TV commercials from advertising in social media to giving away promotional items across UK. To this effect, the paper will focus on effective alcohol marketing in the UK. The paper will quest to give a detailed analysis of alcohol advertising in the region, advertising and children, codes and practices as well as offer solutions aimed at effective alcohol advertising. The alcohol manufacturing and advertising agencies argue that it is legally possible for the alcoholic products to be advertised since they are legal products. Bans on the advertisements of the alcoholic products are argued to have adverse effects to the alcohol market as well as the media. The stakeholders argue that the advertisement on the products is aimed at promoting their sales as well as offering a chance to have new drinkers to the new individual brand product. There is arguably no link between the advertisement of alcoholic products to the overall levels of consumption of product or any related harm (Edwards 2004). The product advertisement has an objective of increasing its sales, maintaining the competitive advantage and provision of information to the customer on the new additives and improvements of the alcohol products of choice. The advertisements also offer a chance for the drinkers to ascertain the right products and differentiate them from counterfeits (Edwards 20 04). Evidently, the intensity of advertisement and promotion of the alcoholic products appears also to provide sanctions as well as the legitimate use of the products that may result in the increased damage on individuals as well as the societies. However, alcoholic advertisements are viewed to be one sided as they avoid any

Complexometric Determination of Water Hardnesss Essay Example for Free

Complexometric Determination of Water Hardnesss Essay Introduction/Background: This lab was about determining water hardness. Water hardness is the amount of metal ions in the water. The most common found ion in the water is calcium ions and typically with a charge of +2. Water hardness plays a big significance in our daily life because to many metal ions in our drinking water can have adverse effects on our body. You can measure the water hardness by EDTA titrations. EDTA is a disodium salt that stands for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and it is a chelating agent. Chelation is the process of a ligand forms a complex with a metal ion. Eriochrome Black T is an indicator you add to the water sample that will turn the water pink if metal ions exist. Through the process of titration, carefully adding EDTA to the water sample with the Eriochrome Black T will cause a chemical reaction to occur, slowly changing the water color from pink to violet and then violet to a light blue which will be the end of the chemical reaction. Once the titration is complete you can calculate your water hardness. Above in the formula V represents the actual delivered volume of Na2EDTA solution and M is your actual molarity. Procedures: Start by preparing 500mL of 0.004 disodium EDTA solution. This is what will be added to the buret. Next take a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask and add 10.00mL of standardized calcium and 30mL of deionized water. Place a magnetic stir-bar in the flask and set on top of a piece of white paper on a magnetic stirrer. After place 3mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pH10) inside the flask and let it stir for thirty seconds. Lastly add four drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator to the solution which will turn it a pink color. Begin titration and watch as the color changes from pink to violet and then violet to a light blue color. Record the data when the color turns a light blue and repeat the process two more times. Fill the buret with the same 500mL of 0.004 disodium EDTA solution. Take 25.00mL of an unknown water sample and add it to a 250mL Erlenmeyer flask. Mix in 20mL of deionized water. Set a magnetic stir-bar inside the solution and place on the magnetic stirrer. Next add 3mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pH10). After thirty seconds of stirring add four drops of the Eriochrome Back T indicator and watch as the solution turns pink. Begin your titration by slowly adding small droplets of the 0.004 disodium EDTA solution. The color will slowly change to a violet color and then to a blue color which will be the stopping point. Record the data and repeat two more times. With the data collected calculates the hardness of each sample, then the average water hardness of all three samples, and lastly the precision of each trial. Compare your data to the expected range of a local cities water hardness. Results and Discussion: The first three titrations involved the known Calcium stock, titration 1 used 22.91ml of Na2EDTA solution before the titration complete. The second Titration used 21.91ml while the third and final used 21.55ml of solution. During the procedure a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask was used as well as a 50ml burette, the buret was filled with our Na2EDTA solution while the flask was filled with 30ml of DI water, 3ml of ammonia, and 4 drops of an indicator, in this case Eriochrome Black T. Experimental error was calculated by taking the sum of all absolute deviations/3 than divided by the mean concentration of Na2EDTA, in this case the mean concentration was .00452M, and lastly, multiplied by 1000 to get the answer in PPT. Table 1 below shows the readings of both solutions before and after titration. The mean concentration of these titrations is 0.00452, This figure was used to find the estimated precision which came out to 23.270% off of 100% meaning the experiment was 76.73% accurate. Finally the volume of the unknown was calculated to find the ppm for each titration and the mean of all three titrations was used to find the estimated precision of the unknown in ppm. The mean in ppm for the unknown came to 212ppm, this number was plugged into the equation for estimated precision which is the sum of all absolute value deviations/ number of trials, all of which is divide by the mean and multiplied by 1000ppt. The final figure came out to 25.2% off of 100% meaning that the experiment was 74.8% accurate. Conclusion: In conclusion the water hardness of a solution can be found by titrating a known solution containing metal ions and using a chelating agent such as EDTA to determine the impurities of each of the water samples. Also, using the data collected from each titration the concentration and mean can be found from each titration and used to determine the water hardness in ppm. The estimated precision of this experiment can be found by running multiple titrations on the same sample more than one time. The results obtained in this experiment include a mean concentration for the Calcium stock of .00452M, and an estimated precision of 76.73% and the average water hardness was 400.39ppm. The estimated precision for the unknown was 74.8% and an average water hardness of 204ppm. In this experiment 500ml of a known solution EDTA was prepared; a 10ml pipet was used to transfer a standard calcium ion stock solution into a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask. 30ml of DI water was added to the flask and the contents were than stirred using a magnetic stirrer and stirring rod. 3ml of Ammonia was added to the flask mixed for a few seconds underneath the fume hood and 4 drops of an indicator was added, in this case Eriochrome Black T. The contents of the flask were stirred for thirty seconds before titration began, as the titration progressed, the color changed from pink to violet and finally to a sky blue color indicating that the titration was complete. This process was completed with minor changes for the Unknown #141, 25ml of the unknown was placed in the flask and 20ml of Di water was used rather than 30ml, the rest of the titration however, used the same steps as above. Work Cited Klenck, Thomas. How It Works: Water Softener. Popular Mechanics 1 Aug. 1998: n. pag. Web. 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